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JEFC詞匯教學(xué)法初探
初中學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ),在初一的時(shí)侯,往往興趣很濃, 成績(jī)也不錯(cuò), 可是隨著詞匯量增加及語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目的增多。漸漸地失去了對(duì)英語(yǔ)的興趣。一個(gè)很重要的原因就是過(guò)不了詞匯關(guān)。本文根據(jù)筆者多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn), 就怎樣教詞匯, 談些看法。
詞匯教學(xué)應(yīng)采用"全方位教學(xué)法"(注:這是筆者自己給這一方法取的名), 即在教學(xué)一個(gè)詞時(shí), 應(yīng)盡可能多地將該詞與學(xué)生已有的舊知識(shí)建立起各種聯(lián)系。這種方法特別適用于有了一定的詞匯量之后的詞匯教學(xué)及詞匯總復(fù)習(xí)。
詞匯教學(xué), 首先, 應(yīng)從詞的拼寫(xiě)即詞形著手, 看看該詞是有哪些字母或字母組合組成的, 是否跟以前學(xué)過(guò)的單詞有相似之處? 有何特點(diǎn)可幫助記憶, 同時(shí), 應(yīng)跟音標(biāo)建立起對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系, 注意哪些字母及字母組合不發(fā)音,如: hour中h不發(fā)音, climb中的b不發(fā)音等; 有哪些字母及字母組合發(fā)音符合讀音規(guī)則, 哪些比較特殊, 還應(yīng)注意是否有同音詞,在初中英語(yǔ)中同音詞有三十多對(duì)(見(jiàn)附錄1), 當(dāng)然, 還應(yīng)區(qū)分音似詞(見(jiàn)附錄2)及形似詞(見(jiàn)附錄3)。
第二, 應(yīng)注意一詞多義現(xiàn)象, 一個(gè)單詞用在不同的場(chǎng)合有不同的含義,如:by一詞可作"在......旁"、"乘(車、船等)"、"不遲于"、"被,由"等解釋。
第三, 應(yīng)了解詞性, 尤其是兼類詞, 如: neither一詞可作連詞、代詞、形容詞和副詞, 因?yàn)閺脑~性可以掌握詞在句中的功能, 這一點(diǎn)跟漢語(yǔ)有許多相似之處, 如: 動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ), 副詞作狀語(yǔ)等。
第四, 應(yīng)跟反義詞(見(jiàn)附錄4)、同(近)義詞(見(jiàn)附錄5)聯(lián)系起來(lái), 應(yīng)講清近義詞之間的細(xì)微差別, 盡可能地用英語(yǔ)解釋英語(yǔ), 其中舊版第五、六冊(cè)練習(xí)中有一百多個(gè), 可借鑒, 平時(shí),老師也應(yīng)多幫助學(xué)生積累英語(yǔ)釋義。也可通過(guò)查雙解詞典得到英語(yǔ)釋義。
第五, 教詞匯時(shí), 應(yīng)讓學(xué)生掌握一些與該詞有關(guān)的常見(jiàn)搭配, 還應(yīng)教一些重點(diǎn)句型及語(yǔ)言適用的情景。讓學(xué)生記住。如：had better (not)＋動(dòng)詞原形；There be +主語(yǔ)；Excuse me, could you tell me how I can get to...?等。
第六, 教詞匯, 還應(yīng)讓學(xué)生掌握各類詞的詞形變化, 關(guān)于這一點(diǎn), 我想分成幾點(diǎn)來(lái)講。
1. 教名詞時(shí), 首先應(yīng)注意該詞是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞, 特別是一些容易混淆的詞，如：bread, paper（紙）等，由于受漢語(yǔ)影響，學(xué)生們往往誤認(rèn)為可數(shù)名詞。若是可數(shù)名詞則應(yīng)注意復(fù)數(shù)形式。若遇到不規(guī)則的, 應(yīng)讓學(xué)生死記硬背。如下面的內(nèi)容應(yīng)讓學(xué)生記�。�
考試頻度較高的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式小結(jié)
1. child children 2. man men 3. woman women
4. policeman policemen 5. Englishman Englishmen
6. Frenchman Frenchmen 7. foot feet 8.tooth teeth
9. sheep sheep 10. Japanese Japanese 11. Chinese Chinese
12. knife knives 13. wife wives 14. life lives
15. shelf shelves 16. half halves 17. leaf leaves
18. tomato tomatoes 19. potato potatoes 20. zoo zoos
21. radio radios 22. kilo kilos
2. 教動(dòng)詞,應(yīng)注意第三人稱單數(shù)形式, 現(xiàn)在分詞, 過(guò)去式及過(guò)去分詞。若遇到不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞, 應(yīng)讓學(xué)生看看它的變化是否跟其它不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化有共同之處。如：可以歸納為AAA形、ABB形等。
3. 教形容詞, 副詞要注意比較級(jí)及最高級(jí)形式。如遇到不規(guī)則的, 應(yīng)讓學(xué)生死記硬背。歸納如下：
不規(guī)則形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí)
1. good(well) better best
2. bad(badly, ill) worse worst
3. many(much) more most
4. little less least
5. far farther(further) farthest(furthest)
6. old older(elder) oldest(eldest)
4. 教數(shù)詞, 應(yīng)注意基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換。特別應(yīng)注意 first, second, third, fifth, twelfth, ninth, fortieth等詞。
5. 教代詞時(shí), 不管遇到下面的哪一種形式, 即, 人稱代詞的主格、賓格; 形容詞性的物主代詞、名詞性的物主代詞; 反身代詞, 就應(yīng)讓學(xué)生講出其它各種形式。如下表:
人稱代詞, 物主代詞, 反身代詞一覽表
I
me
my
mine
myself
you
you
your
yours
yourself
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
it
it
its
its
itself
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
并告訴學(xué)生, 形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞雖然漢語(yǔ)意義一樣, 但英語(yǔ)中使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意, 在形容詞性物主代詞后必須加名詞才能使用, 而名詞性物主代詞則單獨(dú)可以使用。
6. 教國(guó)家的名稱時(shí)，可同時(shí)教民族、語(yǔ)言名稱。如：
country people language
1. China Chinese Chinese
2. Japan Japanese Japanese
3. America American English
4. Australia Australian English
5. France French French
6. England Englishman English
7. Germany German German
8. Russian Russian
9. Canada Canadian
7. 另外, 還應(yīng)讓學(xué)生們注意, 該詞是否可通過(guò)加前綴或后綴的方法變成另一個(gè)單詞, 如: luck加y變成形容詞lucky, 而lucky把y變成i再加ly就變?yōu)楦痹~luckily, 又如: happy前面加un變?yōu)榉穸ㄒ饬x。（詳見(jiàn)附錄6）或者是否能與其它的詞合成新詞。如：class與 room合成為classroom等。
總之, 我們?cè)诮淘~匯時(shí), 應(yīng)千方百計(jì)地啟發(fā)學(xué)生充分發(fā)揮各種聯(lián)想, 以便在學(xué)生腦中建立起多種聯(lián)系, 達(dá)到促進(jìn)記憶的目的。從本人十多年的運(yùn)用情況來(lái)看, 效果是比較好的。文中難免有不周之處，敬請(qǐng)同行指正。
附錄1
義教版同音詞小結(jié)
one--won way--weigh I--eye
son--sun meat--meet right--write
for--four sea--see road--rode
father--farther hole--whole no--know
here--hear wear--where new--knew
our--hour there--their weather--whether
past--passed ours--hours ah--are
aren't--aunt ate--eight who's--whose
blue--blew by-bye--buy hi--high
pear-pair knows--nose read--red
sew--so to--too--two threw--through
wood--would blue-blew weak--week
its--it's
附錄2
義教版讀音易混淆的詞小結(jié)
1. meat, metre 2. head, hand 3. hard, heart
4. nose, noise, nurse 5. slow, snow 6. show,sure,shall
7. wood, word, world 8. much, March, match 9. work, walk
10. thin, thing 11. think, thank 12. big, pig
13. bed, bad 14. horse, house 15. light, right, night
16. mouth, month 17. great, grade 18. hear, hair
19. full, fall 20. for, fall 21. sing, thing
22. quiet, quite 23. no, now 24. leaf, leave
25. wash, wish 26. then, than 27. what, water
28. crowd, cloud 29. low, row 30. back, bag
31. beat, better 32. bike, back 33. box, books
34. class, glass 35. clothes, closes 36. dead, dad
37. grass, glass 38. lesson, listen 39. parent, present
40. same, some 41. long, wrong 42. since, sings, things
43. forty, fourteen 44. cheap, jeep 45. blown, brown
46. lend, land 47. police, please 48. count, can't
49. living, leaving 50. side, said 51. kite, Kate
52. join, John 53. Mary, merry 54. along, alone
55. ice, eyes 56. wait, white, wet 57. cap, cup
58. black, break 59. shoe, sure 60. will, well
61. ran, rang 62. ship, sheep 63. sang, sung, song
64. slow, throw 65. run, rung 66. lock, rock, luck
67. goal, girl 68. live, leave
附錄3
義教版拼寫(xiě)易混詞小結(jié)
1. whether weather 2. present parent
3. form from 4. month mouth
5. quite quiet 6. ago age
7. watch match 8. father farther
9. shirt skirt 10. strange strong
11. then than 12. tired tried
13. brought bought 14. week weak
15. same some 16. felt fell
17. house horse 18. plant plane
19. clean clear 20. even ever
21. hat hate 22. sand send
附錄4
義教版反義詞(對(duì)應(yīng)詞)小結(jié)
1. big---small 2. black---white
3. buy---sell 4. cheap---dear(expensive)
5. close---open 6. closed---open
7. come---go 8. different---same
9. leave---stay 10. early---late
11. easy---hard 12. empty---full
13. give---take 14. heavy---light
15. little---much 16. new---old
17. put on---take off 18. right---wrong
19. sit---stand 20. down---up
21. sit down---stand up 22. here---there
23. this---that 24. these---those
25. from---to 26. few--many
27. after--before 28. always--never
29. at first--at last 30. answer--ask(qestion)
31. back--front 32. bad--good
33. atnight--inthe daytime 34. different--same
35. be out--be in 36. above--below
37. best--worst 38. better--worse
39. bring--take 40. busy--free
41. cold--hot 42. cool--warm
43. cry--laugh 44. dangerous--safe
45. dry--wet 46. far--near
47. fat--thin 48. finish--begin(start)
49. full--hungry(empty) 50. happy--sad
51. ill--well 52. inside--outside
53. into--out of 54. last--first
55. learn--teach 56. less--more
57. left--right 58. long--short
59. no--yes 60. part--all(whole)
61. poor--rich 62. pull--push
63. put on--take off 64. quick--slow
65. short--tall 66. thin--thick
67. tonight--today 68. like--unlike
69. yesterday--tomorrow 70. work--rest
71. move--stay 72. behind--in front of
73. lose--win 74. wake up--go to sleep
75. weak--strong 76. dark--light
附錄5
義教版同(近)義詞小結(jié)
1. almost---nearly 2. aloud---loud
3. true-real 4. anybody----anyone
5. whether-if 6. trouble---worry
7. sure---certain 8. bright---clever
9. space-room 10. difficult---hard
11. enjoy---like 12. maybe---perhaps
13. nobody---none 14. except---but
15. start---begin 16. helpful---useful
17. job---work 18. several---a few
19. shout---cry 20. quick---fast
21. small---little 22. too---also
23. large---big 24. problem---question
25. game---match 26. certainly---of course
27. glad---happy 28. by air---by plane
29. learn---study 30. have to---must
31. high---tall 32. lose---miss
33. ill---sick 34. at once---right now
35. quite---very 36. every---each
37. be good at---do well in 38. at last---in the end
39. have a cold---catch a cold
40. enjoy oneself---have a good time
41. look after---take care of
42. be careful---take care,look out
43. reach---get to,arrive at(in)
附錄6
派生詞
一、n.---->adj.
1. sun sunny 2. rain rainy
3. cloud cloudy 4. wind windy
5. noise noisy 6. luck lucky
7. health healthy 8. care careful
9. use useful 10. help helpful
11. thank thankful 12. wonder wonderful
13. friend friendly 14. difference different
15. fool foolish 16. sleep asleep
17. danger dangerous 18. south southern
19. north northern 20. wool woolen
21. death dead
二、v.---->adj.
1. interest interesting 2. please pleased(pleasant)
3. worry worried 4. save safe
5. forget forgetful 6. enjoy enjoyable
7. fill full 8. die dead
三、v.---->n.
1. drive driver 2. farm farmer
3. win winner 4. run runner
5. play player 6. sing singer
7. wait waiter 8. work worker
9. teach teacher 10. read reader
11. write writer 12. foreign foreigner
13. village villager 14.speak speaker
15. keep keeper 16. think thinker
17. clean cleaner 18. visit visitor
19. invent inventor 20. travel traveller
21. jump jumper 22. invent invention
23. operate operation 24. live life
25. die death
四、adj.--->adv.
1. angry angrily 2. bad badly
3. beautiful beautifully 4. careful carefully
5. certain certainly 6. easy easily
7. final finally 8.happy happily
9. loud loudly 10. polite politely
11. quick quickly 12. quiet quietly
13. real really 14. slow slowly
15. sudden suddenly 16. true truly
17. usual usually 18. lucky luckily
19. heavy heavily 20. healthy healthily
21. noisy noisily 22. wide widely
23. terrible terribly 24. strong strongly
25. bright brightly 26. clear clearly
27. kind kindly 28. safe safely
29. near nearly 30. possible possibly
31. full fully
五、肯定---否定
1. happy unhappy 2. true untrue
3. usual unusual 4. like unlike
(浙江省奉化市溪口中學(xué) 吳鵬東)【JEFC詞匯教學(xué)法初探】相關(guān)文章：
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