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英語議論文的寫作方法與技巧指導(dǎo)
一、議論文的文體特點(diǎn)和寫作要求
英語議論文同中文議論文一樣也是以議論的方式，通過擺事實(shí)、講道理來闡述自己觀點(diǎn)的一種文體。高中英語議論文是一種限制性的寫作, 其論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、論證都必須十分明確，學(xué)生必須結(jié)合題目要求來闡述相關(guān)觀點(diǎn)。
議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)可分為三個(gè)部分：1、引言段引出一個(gè)令人關(guān)注的問題或明白地亮出自己的觀點(diǎn)，如提倡什么，支持什么，反對(duì)什么。 2、主體段對(duì)提出的問題進(jìn)行分析、推論、并運(yùn)用歸納法、演繹法和類比法等進(jìn)行論證，取得以理服人的效果。3、結(jié)論段可以用兩三句話來結(jié)束文章，同時(shí)要注意重申論點(diǎn)，與引言段呼應(yīng)，但不能照搬原話。務(wù)必做到論點(diǎn)明確、要點(diǎn)齊全、論證嚴(yán)密、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、層次分明、首尾呼應(yīng)。
二、議論文的寫作方法與技巧
一)、審好題
人們常說：“磨刀不誤砍柴功”。審題是寫作的開始，是寫好作文的前提條件，“好的開始是成功的一半”，議論文寫作也不例外。只有明確題目要求，確立觀點(diǎn)，確定論證方法及全文段落安排，才可能成功寫出一篇好的議論文。如果寫偏了題，再精心的構(gòu)思、再好的語言表達(dá)也是枉然。審題主要包括六個(gè)方面：一是判斷議論文所屬類型。英語議論文根據(jù)命題特點(diǎn)，從形式上來看可分為如下類型: ①“一分為二”的觀點(diǎn)。如：“轎車大量進(jìn)入家庭后，對(duì)家庭、環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)可能產(chǎn)生的影響”。②“兩者選一”的觀點(diǎn)。如：“乘火車還是乘飛機(jī)”。③“我認(rèn)為……”型，如：“你對(duì)課外閱讀的看法”。④“怎樣……(how to)”型，如：“怎樣克服學(xué)習(xí)中碰到的困難”。⑤ 圖表作文，通過閱讀圖表中的數(shù)字與項(xiàng)目得出一個(gè)結(jié)論或形成一種看法(楊家貴，20xx)。二是確立該文的論點(diǎn)或作者須持的觀點(diǎn)，以及支撐論點(diǎn)的道理和事實(shí)。三是確定全文所包括的要點(diǎn)。四是確定段落數(shù)及每段適用的連接詞、過渡句，使文章連接緊湊、過渡自然、層次分明。五是選擇全文主要時(shí)態(tài)及各段適用的其它時(shí)態(tài)。六是判斷該文的格式，是書信還是短文。審題完畢，隨即列出提綱。
二)、注重主題句的設(shè)置
主題句又叫中心句(topic sentence)，是段落的論點(diǎn)，限制段落中議論的范圍，是整個(gè)段落的綱領(lǐng)。主題句必須要正確，要明確表明作者贊成什么，反對(duì)什么。主題句在一篇百來字的議論文中好比“畫龍點(diǎn)睛”，幫助作者分層次闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)，讓讀者快速了解作者的觀點(diǎn)。
1、確定主題句的位置
英語議論文的主題句宜設(shè)在段首第一句，這是由以下兩個(gè)因素決定的。1)、主題句出現(xiàn)的位置有三種情況：①在段首，以便讀者瀏覽主題句就可掌握文章的概要，這個(gè)位置適用于寫提供信息或解釋觀點(diǎn)的段落;②在段末;③段中(高長(zhǎng)梅，20xx)。2)、英語民族的思維特點(diǎn)是常采用路標(biāo)式(直線式)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，即主題句在段首。
2、寫出好的主題句
好的主題句具有以下特點(diǎn)：①有一定的概括性，普遍性而不是羅列具體事實(shí)。②句意明確而不是模糊不著邊際。③讓人有話可寫而不是給出無可辯駁的事實(shí)。④不以問題的方式出現(xiàn)，也不要同時(shí)表達(dá)兩個(gè)以上的觀點(diǎn)。筆者要求學(xué)生寫了以下的主題句：
1)Staying up late is bad for our health.
2)The more cars, the better?
3)There are two reasons why some people are fascinated by Super Girls and two reasons why some dislike them.
4)Beijing is famous for the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Imperial Palace and other places of interest.
5)a. Tom is a middle school student.
b. Tom is a hard-working middle school student.
6)Living in small cities is better than living in big cities.
然后讓學(xué)生對(duì)照主題句的特點(diǎn)，他們一致認(rèn)為1)、5)b、6)為好的主題句。在實(shí)踐和對(duì)比中，學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)了如何寫好的主題句，并且運(yùn)用到議論文寫作中，收到較好效果，見以下實(shí)例(下段黑體部分是主題句)。
Everyone lives by selling something. For example, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to calculate the true value of services which people perform for us. The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell.
由此可見，好的主題句能幫助作者闡明觀點(diǎn)，起到提綱挈領(lǐng)的作用。作者圍繞段落的中心論點(diǎn)，運(yùn)用多種方法展開論證，達(dá)到以理服人的效果。
三)、用好連接詞和過渡句
從行文需要出發(fā)選用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞、過渡句可使整篇文章文句流暢，句意轉(zhuǎn)換自然，同時(shí)使表達(dá)合乎邏輯，文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。倘若一篇議論文的段落里不乏高級(jí)詞匯和復(fù)雜語法結(jié)構(gòu)，但缺少了連接詞、過渡句的潤(rùn)色而不能從一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)自然地過渡到另一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，或段落里的各論據(jù)(supporting sentence)連接松散，勢(shì)必削弱論證的效果，就算不上一篇好的議論文。下面分別說明如何有效運(yùn)用連接詞與過渡句。
1、句與句的連接詞
連接詞通常由連詞、副詞、介詞短語和插入語等充當(dāng)。如何有效使用連接詞，使句意連貫、緊湊，以體現(xiàn)文章良好的嚴(yán)密的論證邏輯?
2.段與段的過渡句
過渡句幫助作者展示文章的條理和層次。恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用過渡句能使表達(dá)錦上添花。當(dāng)文章從一個(gè)層次轉(zhuǎn)換到另一個(gè)層次，或由一段內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)入另一段內(nèi)容時(shí)需要用過渡句。恰當(dāng)有效的運(yùn)用過渡句，效果明顯(見下文，題目及要求略，黑體部分為過渡句)。
Wearing school uniform every day spreads an order over many schools. Is it good or bad for students? Different people, however, have different opinions on this matter.
Some people say that it has a bad effect on developing students’ personal character. According to them, students are tired of wearing the same clothes every day, which is hard to tell who’s who. Furthermore, the cost of the school uniform is not low as many people think. With the bad quality, it’s not well worth the money.
However, as a popular saying goes: “Every coin has two sides.” Others argue that it is good for students. In their opinion, wearing school uniform will prevent students from wasting so much money on clothes and the time on catching up with the fashion. In addition, it’s easy for the teachers to recognize the students. There is no doubt that wearing school uniform every day is good for students.
In short, I firmly support the view that we should wear school uniform.(康珍，20xx)
上文黑體部分綜合體現(xiàn)了恰當(dāng)、有效運(yùn)用連接詞和過渡句的最佳效果。全文行文流暢、銜接自然、條理清楚，渾然不覺作者是在套用各種連接詞和過渡句。因此，非常有必要熟記一些常用典型的議論文過渡句，使議論文結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，論點(diǎn)清楚，行文流暢。
1)引言段的常用過渡句
Recently we had a heated discussion on…, Opinions are various among different people.
Different people have different opinions on the question of …
They differ greatly in their attitudes towards …
Different people hold different views/opinions on this matter.
Although most people think… I believe…
此類過渡句能迅速引起讀者注意，自然而然地引出全文要討論的話題，或者開門見山地闡明文章的論點(diǎn)。
2)主體段的常用過渡句
Some may hold the view that… because… But others have a negative attitude. From their point of view…
Some people think that… While others believe…
Some people are for the idea of… because… But some people are against the idea of… because …
本文所指議論文的主體段可以是一段也可以是兩段。通過正確使用過渡句，文章思路清晰，結(jié)構(gòu)清楚，顯示作者嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)思維，增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果。
3)結(jié)論段的常用過渡句
As far as I am concerned, I totally agree with the statement that…
Therefore, it’s easy to draw the conclusion that…
As a consequence/result, I firmly support the view that…
Taking all these factors into consideration, we may reach the conclusion that…
To sum up/in a word/in conclusion/in short/above all/in general/ generally speaking, I still hold the view that…
運(yùn)用過渡句的提示作用進(jìn)入結(jié)論段，作者或是重申論點(diǎn)，或是強(qiáng)調(diào)論點(diǎn)，以便加深讀者對(duì)全文的了解和深刻認(rèn)識(shí)。
英語議論文范文：
Should Examination Be Abolished (取消)?
The examination system has come to be the main theme (主題)of modern education. One should take an examination andsucceed in passing it before he could be admitted， promoted or graduated. As it plays so important a role in the realm of education (教育的領(lǐng)域) it is under much criticism (評(píng)論) as to its validity (有效性) . People who are in favour of it try to develop this system more; those who are against it believe that such a system should be abolished. Should examination be abolished? In my opinion it should be.
Many people think that an examination is the only means to test knowledge， but， in fact， that is not true. A few questions given in an examination could by no means cover the whole field of the subject. Thus those who are able to answer them may be the poorest of the students and yet happen to know just a few points about that subject.
I'd like to say that， because of the existence of the examination system， students pay so much attention to gaining high marks， that they often forget the chief purpose of education. The so-called clever students devote (貢獻(xiàn)) themselves to the study of textbooks only. They， of course， know nothing but the skeleton (梗概) of knowledge. The end and aim of education， however， is to enable students to learn how to live. To do this， students must get themselves to do all kinds of training， physicalas well as mental. The present examination system has discouraged students from making such an attempt.
Moreover， since the students try so hard to put their lessons into memory in as short a time as possible， psychologically (心理上來看)， they soon forget the whole subject as soon as the examination is over. Surely this is one of the greatest wastes ever made in the history of civilization.
Lastly， in order to get high marks， there is a great temptation (誘惑) for students to cheat (作弊) in an examination. Indeed， such a practice becomes the means to the end. They cheat their teachers， their parents and also themselves. Such a tendency would impair (損害) our moral standards (道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)) .
Therefore， I am of the opinion， in conclusion， that the examination system should be abolished.
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