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class="source"><a target="_blank" href="http://adivasplayground.com/jy/List/List_2_1.html" title="數(shù)學(xué)論文">數(shù)學(xué)論文</a></span> <span id="kgiqzmh" class="source"><a target="_blank" href="http://adivasplayground.com/usr/login.html" title="我要投稿">我要投稿</a></span> </div> <div id="macutmz" class="content"> <div id="jfr0m3x" class="excellent_articles_box"> <ul> <li id="rz5w8br" class="excellent_articles_title">相關(guān)推薦</li> </ul> </div> <p>以練習(xí)為載體，讓小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)課堂走向?qū)嵭?/p> 　　<strong>以練習(xí)為載體，讓小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)課堂走向?qū)嵭?br /></strong>　　<br />　　金凌霖<br />　　<br />　　（江蘇省鹽城市敬賢路實(shí)驗(yàn)小學(xué)）<br />　　<br />　　摘要：新課標(biāo)背景下的小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)課堂一直以來都在努力追求實(shí)效，如何在有限的40分鐘時(shí)間內(nèi)讓課堂效率達(dá)到最高是所有教師為之奮斗的目標(biāo)。從"練習(xí)"這一數(shù)學(xué)課堂不可或缺的重要內(nèi)容為基點(diǎn)，全面探析了小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)課堂走向?qū)嵭У膷湫侣窂健?br />　　<br />　　關(guān)鍵詞：小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)；課堂練習(xí)；載體；實(shí)效性<br />　　<br />　　從心理學(xué)角度來看，學(xué)生獲得每一個(gè)正確認(rèn)識(shí)的過程，都必須經(jīng)歷實(shí)踐、認(rèn)識(shí)、再認(rèn)識(shí)、再實(shí)踐的不斷反復(fù)，這種反復(fù)表現(xiàn)于數(shù)學(xué)課堂就是練習(xí)訓(xùn)練。在小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)課堂教學(xué)中，教師為了讓學(xué)生鞏固新知，具備扎實(shí)的數(shù)學(xué)技能與技巧，形成良好的數(shù)學(xué)思維品質(zhì)，使學(xué)生智力在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)得到最大化發(fā)展，往往以練習(xí)的方式對(duì)學(xué)生加以訓(xùn)練。因此，練習(xí)在數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)中的"功效"毋庸置疑。然而，當(dāng)前數(shù)學(xué)課堂練習(xí)現(xiàn)狀卻不容樂觀，盲目練習(xí)、重復(fù)練習(xí)、題海戰(zhàn)術(shù)等等，不但讓練習(xí)失去了原本的教育意義，更讓學(xué)生苦不堪言，談"題"色變，讓數(shù)學(xué)課堂陷入"高耗低能"的境地。新課標(biāo)背景下的小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)課堂一直以來都在努力追求實(shí)效，在有限的40分鐘內(nèi)讓課堂效率達(dá)到最高是教師為之奮斗的目標(biāo)，應(yīng)如何利用起練習(xí)這一有效載體來提高教學(xué)實(shí)效，本文從實(shí)踐出發(fā)對(duì)本課題進(jìn)行了研究論證。<br />　　<br />　　一、淡化枯燥，開展"趣味性"練習(xí)<br />　　<br />　　小學(xué)生，特別是低年段的小學(xué)生，當(dāng)他們剛開始接觸數(shù)學(xué)時(shí)，容易被一些符號(hào)與數(shù)字"嚇"倒，而這些符號(hào)與數(shù)學(xué)之間的來回轉(zhuǎn)化與計(jì)算更會(huì)讓他們覺得緊張，在這種情況下，如果一味地讓小學(xué)生再進(jìn)行機(jī)械的重復(fù)練習(xí)，會(huì)讓他們更加覺得數(shù)學(xué)之枯燥和單調(diào)。如何淡化數(shù)學(xué)留在小學(xué)生腦海中枯燥的印象，教師應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)給練習(xí)注入一些"趣味因子".當(dāng)那些形式新穎且極富創(chuàng)意，并與知識(shí)緊密相連的趣味練習(xí)展現(xiàn)在小學(xué)生面前時(shí)，在那些懸念、矛盾中，他們的思維活躍著、碰撞著、沖突著，在他們的腦海中不時(shí)地浮現(xiàn)出"為什么會(huì)這樣""接下來會(huì)發(fā)生什么"的疑問，數(shù)學(xué)練習(xí)已經(jīng)不再是痛苦的學(xué)習(xí)，而成了刺激的"探險(xiǎn)",試問面對(duì)這樣的練習(xí)，還有哪個(gè)學(xué)生再會(huì)"苦不堪言"?如，在學(xué)習(xí)完"三角形"后，為了加深學(xué)生對(duì)三角形分類的印象，可以給學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)趣味練習(xí)：猜猜我是哪種三角形？教師用手蓋上某個(gè)三角形，漸漸地露出一角，當(dāng)這個(gè)角是直角時(shí)，學(xué)生都猜到了直角三角形，露出鈍角后，學(xué)生也回答正確，而當(dāng)露出銳角時(shí)，學(xué)生慣性使然，回答當(dāng)然是銳角三角形，當(dāng)教師這時(shí)亮出了三角形，卻是一個(gè)直角三角形時(shí)，學(xué)生頓時(shí)感到驚訝，為什么會(huì)這樣？在這種好奇心的驅(qū)使下，他們深入探究的欲望被激發(fā)出來，很多學(xué)生開始回憶自己剛剛學(xué)過的知識(shí)，想尋找到一個(gè)合理的答案來解釋這種狀況。而這種寓知識(shí)于游戲中的形式，很快就消除了小學(xué)生對(duì)練習(xí)的抵觸心理，他們會(huì)十分快樂地參與其中。<br />　　<br />　　二、注重應(yīng)用，開展"實(shí)踐性"練習(xí)<br />　　<br />　　要想讓小學(xué)生對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)產(chǎn)生準(zhǔn)確而正確的認(rèn)識(shí)，就必須讓他們經(jīng)歷認(rèn)知、實(shí)踐、再認(rèn)知、再實(shí)踐的過程，也只有當(dāng)知識(shí)應(yīng)用于實(shí)踐中時(shí)，它才能真正彰顯出其力量與價(jià)值。因此，練習(xí)訓(xùn)練離不開應(yīng)用與實(shí)踐，在不斷的應(yīng)用與實(shí)踐中，小學(xué)生的再創(chuàng)造、再學(xué)習(xí)的能力才會(huì)提高，他們對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)的認(rèn)識(shí)才會(huì)攀升到一個(gè)更高的層次。如，學(xué)習(xí)完"比例尺"之后，讓學(xué)生通過實(shí)地測(cè)量學(xué)校操場(chǎng)周長(zhǎng)并制作出學(xué)校操場(chǎng)方位圖，讓他們體驗(yàn)比例尺在確定方向中的應(yīng)用；通過看地圖來測(cè)算某兩個(gè)城市實(shí)際距離的練習(xí)，讓他們?cè)趯?shí)際操作中認(rèn)識(shí)到比例尺的作用。教材中的知識(shí)總的來說擺脫不掉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和系統(tǒng)化的特點(diǎn)，(<a href="http://adivasplayground.com" title="adivasplayground.com">adivasplayground.com</a>)而課堂的局限更無法與真實(shí)的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活相比擬，所以教師應(yīng)利用一切機(jī)會(huì)來讓學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)一些真正有用和真實(shí)的實(shí)踐練習(xí)題，開啟小學(xué)生的"生活智慧".如，"菜籃子里的數(shù)學(xué)——怎樣幫媽媽省錢""裝修里的數(shù)學(xué)——如何合理運(yùn)用圖形""旅游里的數(shù)學(xué)——制訂一個(gè)最佳租船游玩方案"等等，讓這些與生活"親密接觸"的練習(xí)引導(dǎo)小學(xué)生不斷地去觀察、去思考、去實(shí)踐他們對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)的理解，在這些"小問題"和"小點(diǎn)子"中提高他們對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)的掌控能力。<br />　　<br />　　三、提高能力，開展"診斷性"練習(xí)<br />　　<br />　　練習(xí)中經(jīng)常性的錯(cuò)誤不但是困擾教師的問題，更是學(xué)生無可避免的，無論是因?yàn)閷?duì)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)掌握得不夠扎實(shí)還是實(shí)屬粗心大意，有練習(xí)就有錯(cuò)誤，這是存在于數(shù)學(xué)課堂不爭(zhēng)的事實(shí)。很多教師面對(duì)這種狀況會(huì)采取"簡(jiǎn)單粗暴"的方法，要么一味斥責(zé)，讓小學(xué)生惶恐不安，加深對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)的厭惡心理；要么針對(duì)錯(cuò)題讓小學(xué)生反復(fù)練習(xí)，甚至背誦下來，實(shí)踐證明這些方法只會(huì)適得其反。在數(shù)學(xué)練習(xí)中，防錯(cuò)與糾錯(cuò)都是學(xué)生表現(xiàn)出的一種數(shù)學(xué)能力，而如何讓小學(xué)生具備這種能力，筆者認(rèn)為可以"變錯(cuò)為寶",通過為學(xué)生制造一些錯(cuò)誤"陷阱"的方法，讓他們自己去發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤、改正錯(cuò)誤，學(xué)會(huì)如何在"假想"中尋找正確答案，從而開發(fā)數(shù)學(xué)智力，提高數(shù)學(xué)能力。如，簡(jiǎn)單的一個(gè)問題："1公斤鐵與1公斤棉花哪個(gè)重？"相信這幾乎是每個(gè)小學(xué)生都遇到過的"數(shù)學(xué)陷阱",而掉入陷阱的也幾乎是大多數(shù)，反之，凡是歷經(jīng)此"陷阱"的人無一不對(duì)它感到印象深刻，深感再也不會(huì)第二次掉入這樣的"陷阱"之中，這就是診斷性練習(xí)的魅力所在。以學(xué)生經(jīng)常會(huì)犯的錯(cuò)誤為切入點(diǎn)，設(shè)計(jì)"陷阱",并"引誘"他們?cè)缴?歧途",然后再回過頭來讓他們重新審視自己的思維，重新討論解題的過程，查找自己"失手"的原因，從而制訂出"預(yù)防措施",這種練習(xí)會(huì)讓學(xué)生的思維更加清晰和謹(jǐn)慎，會(huì)讓他們具備一種"撥開迷霧看數(shù)學(xué)"的能力，而這種能力會(huì)讓學(xué)生受益終身。<br />　　<br />　　參考文獻(xiàn)：<br />　　<br />　　[1]巴桑卓瑪。小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)中如何設(shè)計(jì)有效練習(xí)[J].讀寫算（教師版）：素質(zhì)教育論壇，2014（27）：78.<br />　　<br />　　[2]劉鑫。淺談如何在小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)練習(xí)中設(shè)計(jì)趣味性[J].儷人：教師，2014（5）：10.<br />　　<br />　　[3]韋艷。淺談如何在小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)練習(xí)設(shè)計(jì)的趣味性方法[J].儷人：教師，2014（2）：44.<br />　　<br /><p>【以練習(xí)為載體，讓小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)課堂走向?qū)嵭А肯嚓P(guān)文章：</p><p><a target="_blank" href="http://adivasplayground.com/jy/html/jy_20061121164818_1587.html" title="試論提高數(shù)學(xué)課堂實(shí)效">試論提高數(shù)學(xué)課堂實(shí)效</a><span>08-05</span></p><p><a target="_blank" href="http://adivasplayground.com/jy/html/jy_20090619200758_183844.html" title="打造有實(shí)效的數(shù)學(xué)課堂">打造有實(shí)效的數(shù)學(xué)課堂</a><span>08-18</span></p><p><a target="_blank" href="http://adivasplayground.com/jy/html/jy_20070422093343_34315.html" title="審視新課標(biāo)下數(shù)學(xué)“練習(xí)設(shè)計(jì)”的走向">審視新課標(biāo)下數(shù)學(xué)“練習(xí)設(shè)計(jì)”的走向</a><span>08-08</span></p><p><a target="_blank" 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